Industry and art on osseous materials from Courbet cave (Penne, Tarn, France) in the British Museum collections : evidence of Magdalenian connections

Abstract

• The Magdalenian site of Courbet cave in the Aveyron valley is renowned for a significant contribution to the nineteenth century debate about human antiquity and an outstanding set of engraved and sculpted artworks. The typological content of the assemblage nevertheless remained poorly known, making it difficult to assess the place of Courbet cave within Magdalenian settlements of south-western France. This paper presents a review of over 1300 pieces of osseous industry recovered during the main excavation led by the Vicomte de Lastic in 1863-64 and now curated at the British Museum. The assemblage composition corroborates the attribution of most of the collection to an Upper Magdalenian characterised by the prevalence of double bevel base points primarily decorated on the lateral faces, numerous barbed implements, and half-round rods decorated with a new variety of engravings. An earlier component includes single bevel base points and typical artworks documented in Middle Magdalenian layers at other sites. Locally, the osseous assemblage from Courbet cave bears a strong resemblance to that from Fontalès and there is abundant evidence of contacts beyond the Aveyron valley. While some representations are indicative of close connections to the Pyrenean and North Aquitaine areas, the actual movement of some objects over long distances is confirmed by the unexpected identification of two artefacts made of whale bone imported from the Atlantic coast. This finding clearly shows the Magdalenian inhabitants of the Aveyron valley were part of wider networks.